CSU Atlantic Multi-Decadal Oscillation (AMO) index All values are standardized using the 1991-2020 climatological average as a baseline. Real-time monthly values are calculated from the ERA5 Reanalysis and are typically updated by the 8th of the following month. Please note that NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis 1 is no longer being updated, so the historical index and real-time values were recalculated using the ERA5 Reanalysis in March 2026.
Standardized monthly values of the Klotzbach and Gray (2008) AMO index from 1950-present
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Year
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1950
0.04
-0.26
-0.06
-0.30
0.83
0.24
0.44
0.18
-0.87
-0.58
0.40
-0.09
1951
-0.21
-0.39
0.47
0.31
0.87
1.61
0.64
-0.03
0.36
0.13
-0.19
-0.44
1952
-0.64
0.35
0.93
-0.33
0.95
0.69
0.07
1.11
1.25
1.00
1.47
1.49
1953
1.18
0.81
0.87
1.41
1.63
0.11
0.00
-0.33
0.22
-0.15
-0.42
0.19
1954
0.02
0.10
0.56
-0.48
0.69
0.34
0.16
0.48
-0.59
-0.02
-0.20
-0.10
1955
1.32
0.98
1.22
1.04
0.53
0.85
0.62
0.88
-0.25
0.89
2.29
1.65
1956
1.55
1.51
0.89
1.54
-0.35
-0.83
0.19
-0.09
0.28
0.13
0.42
-0.04
1957
-0.27
0.20
1.08
0.12
0.29
0.79
0.71
0.26
0.87
0.53
0.44
-0.15
1958
0.92
1.39
1.63
0.73
0.40
1.03
1.17
1.34
1.41
-0.02
0.33
0.58
1959
1.07
0.09
0.17
0.39
0.52
0.19
-0.45
0.76
0.70
0.05
-0.38
-0.26
1960
0.65
0.82
0.55
0.11
0.95
-0.06
0.23
0.55
-0.52
0.75
0.12
-0.42
1961
-0.08
-0.06
0.34
0.99
-0.06
-0.52
0.02
-0.43
-0.41
-1.05
0.47
0.99
1962
-0.38
-0.55
0.96
-0.41
0.33
-0.34
0.04
-0.66
-0.51
0.18
0.27
0.76
1963
1.13
0.82
0.25
1.27
-1.28
0.04
0.02
-0.66
-1.22
-0.40
0.39
0.42
1964
0.82
1.45
0.93
-0.52
-0.19
0.59
-0.44
-0.03
-0.35
-0.69
0.26
0.32
1965
0.51
1.13
0.93
0.32
0.75
-0.26
-0.60
-0.21
-0.37
0.12
-0.19
-0.01
1966
1.31
1.32
0.42
1.16
-0.79
-0.21
-0.20
0.82
0.58
1.19
0.30
0.65
1967
0.87
0.50
-0.46
0.14
-0.60
-0.75
-0.94
-1.08
-0.54
-1.19
-0.45
-0.08
1968
-0.19
0.66
-0.66
-0.33
-0.53
-0.42
-0.54
0.26
-0.08
0.43
0.81
-0.04
1969
0.66
1.02
1.08
-0.62
-0.12
0.08
-0.83
-0.59
-0.75
-0.01
-0.23
-0.04
1970
1.26
-0.36
0.41
0.30
-0.68
-1.42
-1.02
-0.27
-0.36
-0.19
-0.06
0.23
1971
0.63
-0.15
0.07
0.34
-0.21
-0.31
0.28
-0.31
0.08
-0.18
-0.18
0.08
1972
-0.24
-0.53
-0.65
-0.56
-1.31
-1.72
-1.38
-1.02
-0.13
-0.27
-0.70
-1.30
1973
-0.93
-1.44
-0.71
0.09
-0.22
-0.55
-0.73
-0.56
-0.53
-0.10
0.01
-0.43
1974
-0.85
-0.59
-0.67
-1.20
-0.68
-0.16
-0.67
-0.73
-1.66
-1.64
-0.53
-0.79
1975
-0.81
-0.39
-0.55
-0.12
0.14
0.03
0.72
0.18
-0.73
-0.25
-0.59
-0.15
1976
-0.37
-0.54
-1.05
-0.70
-1.26
-0.93
-0.91
-0.50
0.26
-0.28
-0.86
-0.60
1977
-0.15
-0.23
-0.52
-0.77
-0.13
0.35
0.00
-0.17
-0.41
-0.48
-0.53
0.05
1978
-0.76
0.89
-0.43
0.52
-0.21
-1.20
0.24
-0.64
-0.01
-0.14
-0.85
0.40
1979
0.48
0.87
-0.19
0.11
-0.24
-0.21
-0.60
-0.11
-0.16
-0.04
-0.42
-0.43
1980
-0.04
-0.12
-0.37
-0.14
1.11
-0.24
-0.08
0.19
-1.13
-1.03
0.51
-0.22
1981
-0.35
-0.49
1.00
0.06
0.09
0.51
-0.24
0.26
0.52
-0.32
0.56
0.59
1982
0.55
0.05
-0.63
-0.39
-0.50
-0.18
-0.57
-1.00
-1.33
-1.08
-1.97
-2.14
1983
-1.88
-1.00
-1.24
-0.62
-0.58
-0.42
-0.11
-1.00
-0.66
-1.33
0.13
-0.47
1984
-1.16
-1.01
-0.52
-0.10
-0.39
-0.71
0.38
-0.38
0.06
-1.20
-0.93
-1.36
1985
-0.32
-0.61
-0.79
-0.80
-0.64
-0.59
-0.71
-1.16
-0.52
-0.87
-0.19
-0.71
1986
-1.58
-0.25
-1.57
-1.18
-0.94
-1.45
-1.33
-0.58
-0.20
-0.95
-2.15
-2.03
1987
-0.47
-0.14
0.03
-0.24
-0.32
0.25
1.00
1.43
0.54
-0.93
-0.70
0.57
1988
-0.74
-0.74
-0.39
0.43
-0.25
-0.19
-0.84
-0.39
-0.35
-0.26
0.33
0.14
1989
-0.48
-0.54
-1.02
-1.26
-1.33
-0.48
-0.52
-0.03
-0.49
-0.84
-0.49
0.44
1990
-1.08
-1.16
-1.92
-1.83
-0.20
-1.20
-0.94
-1.29
-0.88
-0.62
-0.13
-0.64
1991
-1.38
-1.43
-1.05
-1.50
-0.86
-0.28
-0.21
-1.04
-1.10
-1.13
-1.45
-0.70
1992
-0.34
-0.92
-1.34
-0.95
-1.21
-0.64
-0.63
-2.04
-1.72
-0.85
-1.04
-1.32
1993
-1.72
-1.42
-1.17
-0.81
-0.39
-0.56
-0.35
-1.00
-0.62
-0.60
-1.15
-1.51
1994
-1.65
-1.35
-1.37
-1.72
-0.94
-1.26
-1.59
-1.27
-0.64
0.60
0.02
-0.92
1995
-1.19
-1.46
-1.13
-0.37
0.75
0.86
1.52
1.21
-0.21
0.17
0.16
0.75
1996
0.59
-0.35
0.10
0.51
0.41
-0.15
-0.74
-0.64
0.86
0.10
-0.47
0.36
1997
0.80
-0.58
-0.39
1.14
0.85
1.62
0.67
0.20
0.95
2.07
1.78
1.39
1998
0.46
0.60
0.11
0.22
0.41
0.64
0.79
0.59
1.57
0.61
0.30
-0.04
1999
-0.25
-0.32
0.27
0.43
0.20
-0.58
0.39
0.86
0.64
-0.37
-0.10
-0.04
2000
-0.27
-0.84
-0.03
-0.23
-0.08
-0.58
0.68
0.10
0.55
-1.11
0.08
0.04
2001
0.07
-0.02
0.99
-0.06
0.88
1.02
0.55
0.10
1.37
0.58
0.41
1.31
2002
0.72
0.27
-0.06
-0.25
-0.60
-1.14
-1.05
-0.22
0.67
0.82
0.05
0.58
2003
0.09
0.03
0.17
0.26
-0.21
0.47
-0.14
0.33
0.64
1.22
0.94
0.76
2004
1.08
0.76
0.17
0.32
-0.27
0.09
0.35
0.14
-0.19
0.65
0.84
0.39
2005
0.01
0.60
1.78
1.02
1.66
1.94
1.09
1.08
0.79
0.94
0.48
0.97
2006
0.62
0.90
1.20
1.18
1.16
0.36
0.19
1.35
1.64
1.80
0.92
-0.12
2007
0.34
0.94
0.01
1.01
0.21
1.17
1.45
0.69
0.97
1.20
1.14
0.45
2008
0.04
-0.05
0.01
0.67
1.84
1.49
0.95
1.41
0.34
-0.29
-0.15
0.06
2009
0.11
0.17
0.03
-0.45
-0.94
0.58
0.68
-0.07
-0.95
0.92
-0.21
0.51
2010
0.46
1.53
0.75
1.30
1.73
1.36
1.04
1.63
2.47
1.81
1.52
2.06
2011
1.37
0.61
0.20
0.00
-0.06
0.35
-0.05
0.51
-0.19
-0.08
-0.31
-1.37
2012
-0.91
-0.84
-0.63
-0.16
0.45
1.54
1.74
1.47
0.76
1.63
0.43
0.45
2013
-0.05
-0.18
0.97
-0.07
-1.04
-0.71
0.36
0.15
0.25
1.02
-0.33
-0.68
2014
-0.77
-0.93
-1.23
-0.60
-0.31
0.53
-0.13
0.89
0.31
-0.06
-0.62
-1.66
2015
-1.90
-1.53
-1.97
-1.40
-1.69
-1.45
-0.33
-0.80
-0.46
-0.74
-1.74
-1.80
2016
-1.18
-2.06
-1.76
-0.86
-0.69
0.00
0.13
0.31
-0.96
-0.34
-0.27
-0.54
2017
-0.51
-0.44
-0.84
-0.31
0.42
-0.01
-0.82
-0.21
-0.09
-0.26
0.15
0.03
2018
-0.43
-0.76
0.07
-1.06
-2.00
-1.05
-1.85
-1.55
-0.86
-0.73
-0.44
-0.69
2019
-0.57
-0.36
-1.07
-0.97
0.18
0.08
1.67
0.75
0.16
0.45
-0.24
-0.19
2020
-0.40
-0.93
-1.25
-0.36
-0.44
-0.39
0.43
0.97
0.16
-0.31
-1.49
-0.81
2021
0.09
0.01
-0.48
0.65
-0.26
-0.81
-0.03
0.48
0.75
0.93
0.37
0.56
2022
-0.06
-0.57
-0.49
0.44
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.72
2.19
1.19
0.24
0.47
2023
-0.32
-0.25
0.79
0.63
0.25
2.84
1.33
1.84
1.89
2.02
0.51
0.22
2024
0.53
0.35
0.20
0.49
1.04
0.74
0.62
0.11
0.95
1.35
1.92
0.25
2025
1.15
0.44
0.33
0.41
0.30
-0.72
-0.38
-0.22
-0.90
0.46
0.72
0.42
2026
0.34
0.66
